I. Introduction and Rationale
As Hardin 1968 said, the insatiable desire for growth overspreads earth services that could only be allowed to supply the needs of mankind. However, rapid urbanisation and growing economies across the world, more so in Africa, put forward unprecedented stress on the environment. Such activities as land-use change, energy consumption, transportation emissions, and waste accumulation are challenging ecosystems to their limits (Chen et al., 2022; Anwar et al., 2020). As environmental problems become increasingly urgent at local and global levels, the need for sustainable development and resource management policies has gained momentum. Among the new approaches which have gained the most interest is the degrowth strategy; it questions whether economic growth should be considered synonymous with social development. According to degrowth advocates, humanity must turn to the restrictiveness of the resources of our planet to avoid the negative consequences of uninhibited economic growth (Lamker & Dieckhoff 2020). However, much of the literature on degrowth is situated within the Global North, this presents a gap in understanding how the principles of degrowth apply to the Global South. This paper seeks to fill this gap by considering Ghana in West Africa, which has lately also become a destination of impressive economic growth, largely commodity-driven in the form of oil, gold, and cocoa. This growth is, however, at the expense of serious environmental impacts, especially land degradation and biodiversity loss.
Degrowth thus represents one of those frameworks within which development might be thought over, with possible curbs in growth and necessary sustainability and equity. The paper discusses how the degrowth principles can be adapted to suit sustainable development in the Global South through the peculiar context of Ghana. Drawing from an interdisciplinary approach informed by environmental studies, development economics, and political science, this study has sought to shed light on sustainable resource management in Ghana and similar countries.
2.Conceptualising Degrowth: Principles and Relevance in the Global South
Degrowth challenges the dominant belief in continuous economic growth as synonymous with progress. The critical roots from an environmental impact perspective on growth have led degrowth to call for reorientation toward sustainability, equity, and social justice over continued economic expansion (Langridge, 2024). While the discourse of degrowth has often been considered relevant mainly in the Global North, where the phenomena of overconsumption and overdevelopment have surfaced, it increasingly does for the Global South, too, with countries like Ghana forming part of it. Degrowth means that the pursuit of continuous growth in GDP is ecologically unfeasible and non-egalitarian (Islar et al., 2024). Degrowth offers an alternative model of production and consumption that places human well-being, ecological resilience, and community solidarity, rather than material accumulation, at the centre. Associated strategies with degrowth include sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, localism, and participatory democracy (Fitzpatrick et al., 2022; Khmara & Kronenberg, 2020). Degrowth is a counter-hegemonic perspective to the growth imperative of capitalism. It develops values regarding a more socially equitable, ecologically balanced society based on an in-depth quality of life without consumption.
3.Conceptual Framework: Reframing Degrowth Discourse for Ghana
To effectively apply degrowth principles in Ghana, it is essential to consider the country’s institutional capacity, cultural values, and socio-political dynamics. The integrated framework proposed in this study is based on three key pillars: inclusive spatial planning, recognition of indigenous knowledge, and international cooperation.
A. Pillar 1: Inclusive Spatial Planning
Spatial planning shapes a prospective urban or rural future in the way through which growth has to be realised in order for it to be truly sustainable, of value, and beneficial to all. In line with Hedidor, Bondinuba & Sadique (2016), effective spatial planning balances social, economic, and environmental aspects of cities considerably. The National Spatial Development Framework for Ghana stipulates that well-planned development is the only sure path to stability in investments and the improvement of the welfare of all communities. However, in practice, the process in Ghana is often top-down, with decisions controlled by the urban planning agencies, while the involvement of the local communities is generally nil (Yeboah & Obeng-Odoom 2010). This results in chaotic, unplanned development, with incompatible land and resource uses, and constructions in prohibited areas ( Korah et al., 2017).
Inclusive spatial planning can revolutionise how communities interact with the environment and contribute to more sustainable growth for Ghana. Most lands are controlled by chiefs and customary authorities; hence, the conventional and top down approach to planning mostly leaves the needs and rights of local communities behind (Azumah & Noah 2023). Integrating local knowledge and community participatory approaches in planning processes stands out as applicable toward attaining equitable land allocation, reduced conflict, and environmentally viable development. This will be done by allowing the community to be part of the decisions, and it means that planning will be more in line with local needs. It will therefore help in social stability and increase resilience among their people (Tanrıkul 2023; Damayanti & Syarifuddin 2020). In the end, inclusive spatial planning helps to make sure that the development and management of resources are not only for today but also for the future of all Ghanaians.
B. Pillar 2: Recognition of Indigenous Knowledge
One may clearly realise that indigenous knowledge can constitute a real treasure in matters of sustainability and recognition of such may mean most to sustainable development in Ghana. Traditional knowledge has passed over successive generations, giving place to practical solutions to manage the environment and its resources in ways that promote long-term balance. Various studies conducted in Ghana have shown just how indigenous knowledge systems, for example, agroforestry, soil conservation, and water management, have played a very vital role in protecting ecosystems and their biodiversity (Asante, Ababio, & Boadu, 2017; Awuah-Nyamekye, 2012; Hens, 2006). Traditional knowledge practices are not only helpful but also core to an integrated approach in the management of resources. This integrated approach is what unites the social, economic, and environmental core elements of the livelihoods in community life.
While most development ideologies of the modern world give more importance to economic growth over and above environmental or social issues, indigenous knowledge upholds harmony with nature. The emphasis on traditional practices contributes to a greater goal: ecological sustainability that reinforces continued cultural identity and strengthens community cohesion. Empowerment of indigenous communities into active agents of development planning allows Ghana to build more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable systems that reflect values held by those most directly affected by their implementation. Recognition of indigenous knowledge is not about preserving cultural heritage; rather, it’s to use such knowledge in the construction of a more sustainable future for one and all.
C. Pillar 3: Global Collaboration
While local knowledge and strategies are important, global collaboration in addressing sustainability challenges is just as relevant to Ghana. In the rapidly changing world of sustainability, Ghana needs to link with global networks that permit the sharing of best practices, resources, and expertise. But it is also very relevant that Ghana informs these global conversations from her terms. This calls for intellectual autonomy among Ghanaian leadership, where there is a critical assessment of external influences and how international partnerships are in tune with the values and development priorities of the country (Onaah et al., 2018; Connell et al, 2017; Serequeberhan, 2013).
These global partnerships will, of course, require diplomacy and the art of negotiation. Ghana needs to be able to assert its interests while cooperating on global challenges such as climate change and sustainable development. In doing this, the country will be able to avoid the pitfalls of dependency and ensure that any external influence is positive. Essentially, global collaboration is about sharing knowledge and resources, but also about agency to pursue growth in a manner that is sustainable and right for Ghana.
D. Integration of Pillars for Sustainable Degrowth and Resource Management
For Ghana to achieve sustainable degrowth, there is a need for inclusive spatial planning, recognition of indigenous knowledge, and collaboration at the global level (see fig 1). Inclusive spatial planning gives the foundational platform within which indigenous knowledge and the perspective of the community should be factored into decision-making. This would involve very genuine consultations with local communities and customary authorities in Ghana, in order to ensure that development projects conform to traditional land management practices, culture, and social cohesion. This participatory approach also incorporates indigenous knowledge into spatial planning strategies toward sustainable resource management and environmental stewardship. At the same time, Ghana gains strength from international collaboration in carrying out inclusive spatial planning with the sharing of expertise, resources, and support. In the same way, while adopting external knowledge and experiences through international collaboration and networking, Ghana asserts her autonomy and sovereignty to ensure that development initiatives remain contextually relevant and driven at the local level.
This integration fosters a holistic approach to sustainable development, where indigenous communities are empowered as partners and custodians of their knowledge systems. In turn, this strengthens social cohesion, promotes cultural preservation, and enhances resilience to environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Ultimately, the synergy among inclusive spatial planning, recognition of indigenous knowledge, and global collaboration enables Ghana to navigate the complexities of sustainable degrowth, fostering a harmonious balance between ecological integrity, social equity, and economic prosperity.
Figure 1: Integrated Approach to Sustainable degrowth
Source : CISA Analyst (2024)
4. Conclusion
Integrating inclusive spatial planning, the recognition of indigenous knowledge, and global collaboration provides a comprehensive framework for rethinking Ghana’s path to sustainable growth and resource management . By engaging communities, valuing traditional knowledge, and learning from the global community, Ghana can develop a more sustainable, equitable, and resilient future. This approach challenges traditional models of growth and offers a new vision of development—one that prioritises people, culture, and the environment over unchecked economic expansion. Moving forward, it is essential for Ghana to continue fostering collaboration at all levels, from local communities to international organisations, to ensure that sustainable degrowth becomes a reality.
Reference
Anwar, A., Younis, M., & Ullah, I. (2020). Impact of Urbanization and Economic Growth on CO2 Emission: A Case of Far East Asian Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072531
Asante, E. A., Ababio, S., & Boadu, K. B. (2017). The Use of Indigenous Cultural Practices by the Ashantis for the Conservation of Forests in Ghana. Sage Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016687611
Awuah-Nyamekye, S. (2012). Belief in Sasa: Its Implications for Flora and Fauna Conservation in Ghana. Nature and Culture, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2012.070101
Azumah, O. K., & Noah, S. (2023). Land Rights in Ghana. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(6), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.116002
Chen, F., Liu, A., Lu, X., Zhe, R., Tong, J., & Akram, R. (2022). Evaluation of the Effects of Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: The Transformative Role of Government Effectiveness. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.848800
Connell, R., Collyer, F., Maia, J., & Morrell, R. (2017). Toward a global sociology of knowledge: Post-colonial realities and intellectual practices. International sociology, 32(1), 21-37.
Damayanti, R., & Syarifuddin, S. (2020). The inclusiveness of community participation in village development planning in Indonesia. Development in Practice, 30(5), 624-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1752151
Fitzpatrick, N., Parrique, T., & Cosme, I. (2022). Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132764
Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
Hedidor, D., Bondinuba, F. K., & Sadique, M. A. (2016). Spatial Planning in Ghana: Antecedents and the Role of Local Artisans. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 4(3), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2016.43013
Hens, L. (2006). Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation and Management in Ghana. Journal of Human Ecology, 20(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2006.11905897
Islar, M., Koch, M., Raphael, R., & Paulsson, A. (2024). Degrowth: A path to transformative solutions for socio-ecological sustainability. Global Sustainability, 7. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2024.13
Khmara, Y., & Kronenberg, J. (2020). Degrowth in the context of sustainability transitions: In search of a common ground. Journal of Cleaner Production, 267, 122072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122072
Korah, P. I., Cobbinah, P. B., Nunbogu, A. M., & Gyogluu, S. (2016). Spatial plans and urban development trajectory in Kumasi, Ghana. GeoJournal, 82(6), 1113-1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9731-1
Lamker, C., & Dieckhoff, V. S. (2022). Becoming a post-growth planner. Post-Growth Planning, 189-202. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003160984-20
Langridge, N. (2024). Unconditional basic income and a degrowth transition: Adding empirical rigour to radical visions. Futures, 159, 103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103375
Onah, O. O., Ezebuilo, D. H. C., & Ojiakor, D. C. T. (2018). An Afro-Existential Approach to the Development of the Nigerian Society. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 3(5), 706-714. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.3.5.3
Sanga, F. (2021). The relevance of indigenous knowledge in conserving natural forests in the face of modernisation: The case of Makete District, Southern Highlands of
Tanzania. Ghana Journal of Geography, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v13i2.5
Serequeberhan, T. (2013). The Hermeneutics of African Philosophy. Routledge.
Tanrıkul, A (2023). The Role of Community Participation and Social Inclusion in Successful Historic City Center Regeneration in the Mediterranean Region. Sustainability, MDPI, 15(9), 1-18. Yeboah, E., & Obeng-Odoom, F. (2010). ‘We are not the only ones to blame’: District Assemblies’ Perspectives on the state of planning in Ghana. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, (7), 78-98. https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i7.1893
