1. L’\u00e9conomie de l’or : Terrorisme et exploitation des ressources<\/strong><\/p>\n\nLa d\u00e9couverte de riches filons d’or dans le Sahel en 2012, notamment au Soudan, a d\u00e9clench\u00e9 une ru\u00e9e vers l’or qui a rapidement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 l’exploitation mini\u00e8re artisanale, en particulier au Mali, au Burkina Faso et au Niger. Ce boom de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re non r\u00e9glement\u00e9e est devenu par inadvertance une source de revenus pour les groupes arm\u00e9s non \u00e9tatiques (Global Terrorism Index, 2025). <\/p>\n\n
Des factions terroristes telles que Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), ainsi que des groupes paramilitaires align\u00e9s sur l’\u00c9tat, comme les Volontaires pour la d\u00e9fense de la patrie (VDP) du Burkina Faso, ont de plus en plus cibl\u00e9 et pris le contr\u00f4le des mines d’or artisanales.<\/p>\n\n
Ces groupes extraient rarement l’or eux-m\u00eames ; en revanche, ils taxent les mineurs locaux, monopolisent les itin\u00e9raires de transport et utilisent le contr\u00f4le territorial comme levier strat\u00e9gique pour soutenir leurs op\u00e9rations et exercer une influence sur les populations locales (Global Terrorism Index, 2025).<\/p>\n\n
La valeur de l’or, sa portabilit\u00e9 et son intra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 en font une marchandise id\u00e9ale pour la contrebande. Les itin\u00e9raires de contrebande passent par des pays voisins comme le Togo, ce qui permet au commerce illicite de l’or de prosp\u00e9rer et de financer les activit\u00e9s des insurg\u00e9s. <\/p>\n\n
Malgr\u00e9 les tentatives des gouvernements, comme la fermeture des mines artisanales au Burkina Faso en juillet 2022, pour tarir les sources de financement du terrorisme, ces mesures se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es contre-productives. Les communaut\u00e9s qui d\u00e9pendent de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re se sont souvent tourn\u00e9es vers les insurg\u00e9s pour obtenir protection et soutien, ce qui a encore \u00e9rod\u00e9 la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l’\u00c9tat (Global Terrorism Index, 2025). <\/p>\n\n
Les acteurs internationaux se sont \u00e9galement retrouv\u00e9s m\u00eal\u00e9s \u00e0 la politique des ressources du Sahel. Par exemple, les op\u00e9rations de la Russie au Mali, selon le GTI, refl\u00e8tent un sch\u00e9ma plus large observ\u00e9 au Soudan et en R\u00e9publique centrafricaine, o\u00f9 l’acquisition de ressources telles que l’or et les diamants, ainsi que l’acquisition de concessions mini\u00e8res, font partie de l’approche du Kremlin en Afrique. Cette strat\u00e9gie consiste \u00e0 assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, \u00e0 fournir une assistance militaire et d’autres aides pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des ressources pr\u00e9cieuses, ce qui permet en partie \u00e0 la Russie de contourner les sanctions impos\u00e9es \u00e0 la suite de l’invasion de l’Ukraine en 2022. <\/p>\n\n
Il est difficile de d\u00e9terminer l’ampleur de ces op\u00e9rations. Les troupes Wagner auraient pris le contr\u00f4le de sites miniers artisanaux dans le pass\u00e9, et la Russie a accept\u00e9 des accords pour construire une raffinerie d’or \u00e0 Bamako. En outre, la plus grande exploitation mini\u00e8re internationale du Mali, g\u00e9r\u00e9e par Barrick Gold, a cess\u00e9 ses activit\u00e9s en janvier 2025 lorsque le gouvernement malien a saisi de l’or d’une valeur de 245 millions de dollars et a bloqu\u00e9 l’acc\u00e8s de Barrick \u00e0 ses mines. <\/p>\n\n
Le gouvernement cherche \u00e0 faire appliquer les lois r\u00e9cemment adopt\u00e9es qui imposent une plus grande part de revenus aux mineurs internationaux.<\/p>\n\n
\u00c0 ce jour, cependant, le tableau complet de l’implication de la Russie dans le secteur minier au Mali et au-del\u00e0 est fragmentaire, indique le GTI. Elle note que si la Russie peut conclure des accords pour de futures concessions, du moins publiquement, ces accords n’ont pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 annonc\u00e9s. Compte tenu des sanctions impos\u00e9es \u00e0 la Russie en raison de la guerre en Ukraine, il est tr\u00e8s probable que l’\u00e9tendue totale de ses op\u00e9rations ne soit pas connue, selon l’Indice. <\/p>\n\n
L’indice GTI souligne qu’un aspect moins discut\u00e9 mais peut-\u00eatre plus important de cette histoire est l’influence croissante de la Chine, qui attire beaucoup moins l’attention mais qui serait plus importante dans le secteur minier. L’influence chinoise dans le secteur de l’extraction de l’or a \u00e9galement augment\u00e9 depuis le coup d’\u00c9tat de 2021 et, en d\u00e9cembre 2024, une usine de production de lithium appartenant \u00e0 la Chine a \u00e9t\u00e9 inaugur\u00e9e, en pr\u00e9sence de l’ambassadeur chinois et du chef de la junte, le colonel Assimi Goita, qui a d\u00e9crit les liens entre la Chine et le Mali comme un \u00ab\u00a0partenariat strat\u00e9gique et sinc\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb. <\/p>\n\n
Le d\u00e9veloppement de l’exploitation du lithium au Mali est potentiellement important, car le lithium est un composant des batteries \u00e9lectriques et un minerai essentiel pour la transition vers les \u00e9nergies vertes. L’approche plus subtile et plus discr\u00e8te de la construction d’influence au Mali semble refl\u00e9ter la strat\u00e9gie chinoise ailleurs sur le continent africain, o\u00f9 la Chine a construit une influence significative dans 27 pays. <\/p>\n\n
2. L’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l’eau menac\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\nL’eau, ressource vitale mais rare au Sahel, est \u00e9galement devenue un atout strat\u00e9gique dans la dynamique des conflits de la r\u00e9gion. La violence actuelle a entra\u00een\u00e9 l’abandon de villages, le d\u00e9placement de milliers de personnes et l’effondrement des infrastructures hydrauliques. Au fur et \u00e0 mesure que les groupes terroristes gagnent du terrain, ils imposent leurs propres r\u00e8gles d’acc\u00e8s et d’utilisation des ressources naturelles, y compris des sources d’eau telles que les puits, les rivi\u00e8res et les sources d’eau (Houanye, 2024). Les chefs locaux, soumis \u00e0 des pressions, servent d’interm\u00e9diaires entre les communaut\u00e9s et les groupes arm\u00e9s, ce qui rend presque impossible la mise en \u0153uvre de projets de d\u00e9veloppement sans le consentement des rebelles. <\/p>\n\n
Dans les r\u00e9gions du centre et du sud du Mali, les factions terroristes ont pris le contr\u00f4le des terres agricoles et des plans d’eau avoisinants, limitant ainsi l’acc\u00e8s des populations locales aux zones cultivables. Ces perturbations ont aggrav\u00e9 les d\u00e9ficiences existantes en mati\u00e8re d’infrastructures. Comme l’a soulign\u00e9 le pr\u00e9sident int\u00e9rimaire du Burkina Faso, le capitaine Ibrahim Traor\u00e9, les habitants de r\u00e9gions comme Gorom-Gorom et Markoye parcourent de longues distances pour aller chercher de l’eau en raison de l’effondrement des infrastructures, notamment des routes et des ponts (Houanye, 2024). Le terrorisme a non seulement intensifi\u00e9 les souffrances humanitaires, mais a \u00e9galement interrompu des projets de d\u00e9veloppement vitaux tels que l’initiative sur l’eau financ\u00e9e par l’UE au Niger, qui a d\u00fb \u00eatre suspendue \u00e0 la suite de la mort de huit personnes lors d’un attentat terroriste (Houanye, 2024). <\/p>\n\n
3. Agriculture et ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire<\/strong><\/p>\n\nL’agriculture, principal moyen de subsistance pour plus de 85% de la population du Burkina Faso, a souffert de fa\u00e7on dramatique de la violence terroriste. Des \u00e9tudes r\u00e9centes montrent une baisse significative de la productivit\u00e9 et de la production agricole des m\u00e9nages dans les zones touch\u00e9es par le terrorisme (Adelaja & George, 2019 ; George et al., 2021). L’ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 restreint l’acc\u00e8s aux terres agricoles, r\u00e9duit le nombre de parcelles cultiv\u00e9es et limite l’utilisation d’intrants agricoles tels que les engrais et les pesticides. La violence terroriste perturbe \u00e9galement la main-d’\u0153uvre saisonni\u00e8re, ce qui entra\u00eene une r\u00e9orientation des pratiques agricoles vers des cultures de rente moins gourmandes en intrants, comme l’arachide et le s\u00e9same, dont le rendement est plus faible (Odozi & Uwaifo Oyelere, 2021). <\/p>\n\n
En outre, le terrorisme a affaibli les institutions locales et d\u00e9courag\u00e9 les investissements dans les infrastructures agricoles rurales. Avec la poursuite des violences, l’acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s et aux services d’appui s’est r\u00e9duit, aggravant l’ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et sapant les efforts d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s par l’\u00c9tat et les partenaires internationaux pour stabiliser la r\u00e9gion (Rockmore, 2020). <\/p>\n\n
Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\nL’impact du terrorisme au Sahel va bien au-del\u00e0 des pertes humaines et des d\u00e9placements de population ; il s’est enracin\u00e9 dans le tissu m\u00eame des syst\u00e8mes \u00e9conomiques et environnementaux de la r\u00e9gion. De l’extraction ill\u00e9gale d’or qui alimente l’insurrection \u00e0 l’effondrement de la gouvernance de l’eau et de la productivit\u00e9 agricole, les cons\u00e9quences sont multiples et profond\u00e9ment li\u00e9es. Toute strat\u00e9gie visant \u00e0 r\u00e9tablir la paix et la stabilit\u00e9 au Sahel doit donc int\u00e9grer une gouvernance solide des ressources naturelles, une am\u00e9lioration des infrastructures rurales et un renforcement de la r\u00e9silience au niveau communautaire. Sans ces approches int\u00e9gr\u00e9es, le terrorisme continuera \u00e0 prosp\u00e9rer dans le vide laiss\u00e9 par la n\u00e9gligence et le sous-d\u00e9veloppement des \u00c9tats. <\/p>\n\n
R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/p>\n\n
– Indice mondial du terrorisme. (2025). Impact du terrorisme sur les ressources au Sahel. Institut pour l’\u00e9conomie et la paix. <\/p>\n\n
– Houanye, A. (2024). Le terrorisme et ses impacts sur l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l’eau au Sahel. IPS UN Bureau \/ GWP Afrique de l’Ouest. <\/p>\n\n
– Adelaja, A. et George, J. (2019). Effets de l’insurrection de Boko Haram sur l’agriculture nig\u00e9riane. Applied Economics Letters. <\/p>\n\n
– Arias, M.A. et al. (2018). Conflit civil et production agricole : Evidence from Colombia. Journal of Development Economics. <\/p>\n\n
– George, J. et al. (2021). Terrorisme et productivit\u00e9 agricole au Nigeria. D\u00e9veloppement mondial. <\/p>\n\n
– Odozi, J.C. & Uwaifo Oyelere, R. (2021). Travail et conflit : Nigeria’s Agricultural Sector. African Journal of Economic Policy. <\/p>\n\n
– Nillesen, E. (2016). Conflict and Agricultural Output : Evidence from Burundi. Journal of Peace Research. <\/p>\n\n
– Rockmore, M. (2020). Conflict and the Composition of Household Assets. Document de travail de la Banque mondiale sur la recherche en mati\u00e8re de politiques. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
La r\u00e9gion du Sahel est depuis longtemps confront\u00e9e \u00e0 une convergence de crises s\u00e9curitaires et environnementales complexes. Cependant, depuis la flamb\u00e9e de violence terroriste qui a suivi la chute de Mouammar Kadhafi en Libye en 2011, la r\u00e9gion est devenue l’\u00e9picentre d’insurrections arm\u00e9es qui non seulement menacent la souverainet\u00e9 et la stabilit\u00e9 nationales, mais ont […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"CISA ANALYST","source_url":"cisanewsletter.com","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"0","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"0","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[{"good_text":""}],"bad":[{"bad_text":""}],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[{"rating_text":"","rating_number":"10"}],"price":[{"shop":"","price":"","link":"","icon":""}],"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"enable_post_split":"0","post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[187],"tags":[226,240],"class_list":["post-5372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyse","tag-2025-fr","tag-6th-edition-2025-fr"],"yoast_head":"\n
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