{"id":4111,"date":"2024-10-13T22:21:32","date_gmt":"2024-10-13T22:21:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cisanewsletter.com\/index.php\/linfluence-de-la-russie-sur-les-elections-americaines-implications-pour-le-scrutin-du-7-decembre-au-ghana\/"},"modified":"2024-10-31T22:34:10","modified_gmt":"2024-10-31T22:34:10","slug":"linfluence-de-la-russie-sur-les-elections-americaines-implications-pour-le-scrutin-du-7-decembre-au-ghana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cisanewsletter.com\/fr\/index.php\/linfluence-de-la-russie-sur-les-elections-americaines-implications-pour-le-scrutin-du-7-decembre-au-ghana\/","title":{"rendered":"L’influence de la Russie sur les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines : Implications pour le scrutin du 7 d\u00e9cembre au Ghana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

L’ing\u00e9rence \u00e9trang\u00e8re dans les processus d\u00e9mocratiques, notamment en ce qui concerne le r\u00f4le de la Russie dans les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines, fait l’objet de nombreuses discussions depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es. Les \u00e9lections pr\u00e9sidentielles de 2016 et 2020 aux \u00c9tats-Unis ont donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 des tactiques assez choquantes visant \u00e0 influencer l’opinion publique dans le but de modifier les r\u00e9sultats des \u00e9lections. \u00c0 l’approche des \u00e9lections ghan\u00e9ennes du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2024, de telles dynamiques sont d’autant plus pertinentes. Cet article pr\u00e9sente les m\u00e9thodes utilis\u00e9es par la Russie aux \u00c9tats-Unis, en tenant compte des implications possibles sur l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des \u00e9lections ghan\u00e9ennes. <\/p>\n\n

Tactiques de la Russie dans les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

L’ing\u00e9rence de la Russie dans les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines se traduit principalement par des campagnes de d\u00e9sinformation, la manipulation des m\u00e9dias sociaux et des cyber-attaques. En 2016, l’Agence de recherche sur Internet (IRA) a men\u00e9 une campagne consistant \u00e0 diffuser sur des plateformes telles que Facebook et Twitter des contenus de nature \u00e0 semer la discorde et \u00e0 cibler des groupes d\u00e9mographiques dans le but expr\u00e8s d’amplifier les frictions au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (Cartwright et al., 2022). L’objectif \u00e9tait donc d’influer sur le r\u00e9sultat de l’\u00e9lection et de saper la confiance dans les institutions d\u00e9mocratiques. Lors des \u00e9lections de 2020, ces strat\u00e9gies ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 pour inclure la d\u00e9sinformation sur les processus de vote et la sant\u00e9 publique, en particulier en ce qui concerne la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 (Eady et al., 2023). RT, anciennement Russia Today, n’est plus seulement une organisation m\u00e9diatique : elle a pass\u00e9 un contrat avec une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e pour payer des millions de dollars \u00e0 des Am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 leur insu afin qu’ils transmettent le message du Kremlin pour influencer les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines de 2024 et saper la d\u00e9mocratie (The Guardian, 2024). La Russie est l’acteur d’influence \u00e9tranger le plus prolifique qui utilise l’intelligence artificielle pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer du contenu ciblant l’\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 2024. Cette technologie avanc\u00e9e permet \u00e0 la Russie d’adapter un contenu souvent plein de pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s polaris\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re plus convaincante pour persuader les \u00e9lecteurs am\u00e9ricains (Bond, 2024). <\/p>\n\n

Le paysage mondial de l’ing\u00e9rence \u00e9lectorale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

La Russie n’est pas le seul pays \u00e0 se livrer \u00e0 des ing\u00e9rences \u00e9lectorales, plusieurs autres pays ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accus\u00e9s de tactiques similaires. La Chine et l’Iran, par exemple, ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 accus\u00e9s de tenter d’influencer des \u00e9lections \u00e9trang\u00e8res contre la volont\u00e9 de leur peuple (Swenson, 2024). En 2022, la Chine a \u00e9t\u00e9 accus\u00e9e d’interf\u00e9rer avec les \u00e9lections australiennes. Ces faits t\u00e9moignent d’une tendance \u00e0 s’inqui\u00e9ter de plus en plus de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9mocraties du monde entier face aux manipulations ext\u00e9rieures. L’histoire regorge d’exemples d’influence \u00e9trang\u00e8re, o\u00f9 les campagnes de propagande de la guerre froide, par exemple, ont commenc\u00e9 par des lettres et se sont transform\u00e9es en campagnes m\u00e9diatiques sophistiqu\u00e9es, qui sont des exemples vivants de la fa\u00e7on dont cette influence a continuellement \u00e9volu\u00e9 au fil du temps et de la technologie (Osgood, 2002). <\/p>\n\n

Implications pour les \u00e9lections au Ghana<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Le Ghana, bien qu’il soit consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l’une des nations les plus stables politiquement en Afrique de l’Ouest, n’\u00e9chappe pas totalement \u00e0 l’influence \u00e9trang\u00e8re. Alors que les \u00e9lections sont pr\u00e9vues pour le 7 d\u00e9cembre, les avantages de cette d\u00e9pendance accrue aux m\u00e9dias sociaux s’accompagnent de risques : la diffusion rapide de fausses informations qui peuvent affecter le comportement des \u00e9lecteurs et \u00e9roder la confiance dans le processus \u00e9lectoral, en particulier en l’absence de mesures de cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 solides pour att\u00e9nuer les tactiques similaires \u00e0 celles observ\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats-Unis. <\/p>\n\n

Avant tout, l’organe \u00e9lectoral du Ghana (la Commission \u00e9lectorale) doit faire preuve d’une extr\u00eame vigilance. Les exp\u00e9riences pass\u00e9es d’ing\u00e9rence dans les \u00e9lections ghan\u00e9ennes sugg\u00e8rent que des campagnes de d\u00e9sinformation cibl\u00e9es peuvent tirer parti des lignes de fracture au sein des divisions politiques existantes dans le cadre d’un cycle \u00e9lectoral tr\u00e8s tendu. Cela pourrait laisser pr\u00e9sager des risques importants d’exploitation des griefs locaux par des acteurs \u00e9trangers afin d’attiser les tensions politiques. <\/p>\n\n

Les acteurs \u00e9lectoraux du Ghana devraient prendre des mesures proactives pour prot\u00e9ger les \u00e9lections contre les ing\u00e9rences \u00e9trang\u00e8res. Tout d’abord, la sensibilisation du public \u00e0 la d\u00e9sinformation devrait aider les citoyens \u00e0 filtrer plus activement les informations qui leur parviennent. Deuxi\u00e8mement, la mise en place de protocoles de cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 stricts permettrait de se pr\u00e9munir contre les menaces num\u00e9riques et de pr\u00e9server l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de l’infrastructure \u00e9lectorale. <\/p>\n\n

La collaboration avec les organisations internationales permettrait au Ghana de disposer des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et des meilleures pratiques en mati\u00e8re d’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des \u00e9lections. En outre, les discussions avec les entreprises technologiques seraient en effet importantes pour garantir des \u00e9lections libres et \u00e9quitables, d\u00e9pourvues de d\u00e9sinformation sur leurs plates-formes. <\/p>\n\n

Dans l’ensemble, l’exp\u00e9rience d\u00e9mocratique du Ghana fait figure de mod\u00e8le en Afrique, et l’issue pacifique des \u00e9lections de 2024 est donc cruciale pour consolider les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences d\u00e9mocratiques du Ghana.<\/p>\n\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Bond, S. (2024). Comment la Russie utilise l’IA pour influencer les \u00e9lections : NPR. Consult\u00e9 le 30 octobre 2024 sur https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2024\/09\/23\/nx-s1-5123927\/russia-artificial-intelligence-election <\/p>\n\n

Cartwright, B., Frank, R., Weir, G. et Padda, K. (2022). D\u00e9tection et r\u00e9ponse aux activit\u00e9s de d\u00e9sinformation hostile sur les m\u00e9dias sociaux \u00e0 l’aide de l’apprentissage automatique et des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux profonds. Neural Computing and Applications<\/em>, 34(18), 15141-15163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07296-0<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

Eady, G., Paskhalis, T., Zilinsky, J., Bonneau, R., Nagler, J. et Tucker, J. A. (2023). Exposition \u00e0 la campagne d’influence \u00e9trang\u00e8re de l’Agence russe de recherche sur Internet sur Twitter lors de l’\u00e9lection am\u00e9ricaine de 2016 et sa relation avec les attitudes et le comportement de vote. Nature communications<\/em>, 14<\/em>(1), 62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-35576-9<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

Osgood, K. A. (2002). Hearts and Minds : The Unconventional Cold War [Review of U.S. Television News and Cold War Propaganda, 1947-1960 ; Operation Rollback : La guerre secr\u00e8te de l’Am\u00e9rique derri\u00e8re le rideau de fer ; La guerre de la libert\u00e9 : la croisade am\u00e9ricaine contre l’Union sovi\u00e9tique ; Miner le Kremlin : la strat\u00e9gie am\u00e9ricaine pour subvertir le bloc sovi\u00e9tique, 1947-1956 ; Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty ; The Cultural Cold War : The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters<\/em>, par N. Bernhard, P. Grose, S. Lucas, G. Mitrovich, A. Puddington, & F. S. Saunders]. Journal of Cold War Studies<\/em>, 4<\/em>(2), 85-107. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26925184 <\/p>\n\n

Swenson, A. (2024). Les efforts de la Russie, de l’Iran et de la Chine pour influencer les \u00e9lecteurs am\u00e9ricains pourraient s’intensifier. Consult\u00e9 le 30 octobre 2024 sur https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/russia-china-iran-disinformation-election-ef9b5155349d496e00513e7b3bc3fc07 <\/p>\n\n

The Guardian, (2024). La Russie est accus\u00e9e d’avoir tent\u00e9 d’influencer les \u00e9lecteurs am\u00e9ricains par le biais d’Internet. Consult\u00e9 le 30 octobre 2024, \u00e0 l’adresse suivante : https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/article\/2024\/sep\/04\/russia-accused-of-trying-to-influence-us-voters-through-online-campaign<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction L’ing\u00e9rence \u00e9trang\u00e8re dans les processus d\u00e9mocratiques, notamment en ce qui concerne le r\u00f4le de la Russie dans les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines, fait l’objet de nombreuses discussions depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es. 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