{"id":3928,"date":"2024-10-13T14:05:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-13T14:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cisanewsletter.com\/index.php\/de-la-generation-dun-revenu-de-base-aux-entreprises-commerciales-lhistoire-de-lexploitation-miniere-illegale-au-ghana\/"},"modified":"2024-10-31T22:37:34","modified_gmt":"2024-10-31T22:37:34","slug":"de-la-generation-dun-revenu-de-base-aux-entreprises-commerciales-lhistoire-de-lexploitation-miniere-illegale-au-ghana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cisanewsletter.com\/fr\/index.php\/de-la-generation-dun-revenu-de-base-aux-entreprises-commerciales-lhistoire-de-lexploitation-miniere-illegale-au-ghana\/","title":{"rendered":"De la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d’un revenu de base aux entreprises commerciales : L’histoire de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale au Ghana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale au Ghana est pass\u00e9e d’une simple strat\u00e9gie de survie pour les marginaux \u00e0 une op\u00e9ration commerciale sophistiqu\u00e9e qui attire des investissements \u00e9trangers consid\u00e9rables. L’article retrace le contexte historique et l’\u00e9volution de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale au Ghana, ses impacts socio-\u00e9conomiques et ses cons\u00e9quences environnementales. Cet article met en \u00e9vidence, \u00e0 travers cette interrelation entre les pratiques locales et l’implication \u00e9trang\u00e8re, les d\u00e9fis auxquels sont confront\u00e9s les habitants et leur besoin urgent d’une gestion des ressources naturelles qui soit r\u00e9ellement durable. Le but d’un tel examen est de faciliter une meilleure compr\u00e9hension de ce que l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale pourrait signifier pour l’environnement et les moyens de subsistance des personnes les plus touch\u00e9es. <\/p>\n\n

Contexte historique et tendances actuelles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

La plupart des activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res ill\u00e9gales men\u00e9es au Ghana dans les ann\u00e9es 1980 et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990 concernaient des personnes de faible statut socio-\u00e9conomique. Les mineurs faisaient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les poubelles autour des maisons d’orf\u00e8vres ou r\u00e9cup\u00e9raient les r\u00e9sidus d’or laiss\u00e9s par les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s mini\u00e8res en utilisant des m\u00e9thodes tr\u00e8s primitives et des substances dangereuses telles que le mercure. Il s’agissait en grande partie d’un moyen de survie pour ceux dont les possibilit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques \u00e9taient limit\u00e9es. L’industrie mini\u00e8re artisanale et \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle au Ghana a \u00e9t\u00e9 le th\u00e9\u00e2tre d’un afflux r\u00e9cent et tr\u00e8s important de migrants \u00e9trangers, en particulier en provenance de Chine. Encourag\u00e9s par des collaborateurs locaux, plus de 50 000 chercheurs d’or chinois ont afflu\u00e9 dans les zones rurales du Ghana entre 2008 et 2016 \u00e0 la recherche de richesses (Antwi-Boateng & Akudugu, 2020 ; Boafo et al., 2019 ; Hilson et al., 2014). Les machines lourdes, notamment les bulldozers et les excavateurs, ont compl\u00e8tement modifi\u00e9 la dynamique de la r\u00e9gion. Ce changement a non seulement augment\u00e9 l’ampleur de l’extraction, mais a \u00e9galement accentu\u00e9 la d\u00e9gradation de l’environnement. Kumah 2022) ; Debrah & Asante, 2019 ; Crawford & Botchwey 2017). Ces technologies introduites dans les pratiques locales sont conformes \u00e0 l’affirmation de Rodney selon laquelle le contact entre diff\u00e9rentes cultures – en particulier si une culture est plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e technologiquement que l’autre – peut avoir un impact n\u00e9gatif sur la culture moins d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e (Rodney 1972). <\/p>\n\n

Le concept de \u00ab\u00a0trag\u00e9die des biens communs\u00a0\u00bb de Hardin met en \u00e9vidence le caract\u00e8re non durable de l’exploitation d’une ressource finie comme l’or, lorsqu’il affirme qu’une ressource finie ne peut soutenir qu’une population finie (Hardin, 1964). Les r\u00e9serves d’or du Ghana sont limit\u00e9es et, si elles ne sont pas g\u00e9r\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re durable, elles seront certainement \u00e9puis\u00e9es. Le r\u00e9sultat a \u00e9t\u00e9 la d\u00e9livrance de plus de 1 900 permis d’exploitation mini\u00e8re au cours des huit derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es seulement, contre 99 permis d’exploitation mini\u00e8re d\u00e9livr\u00e9s entre 1988 et 2016 (Bekoe, 2024). Il est clair qu’une telle expansion a conduit \u00e0 une augmentation sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent des activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res dans tout le pays, commod\u00e9ment exploit\u00e9es par des op\u00e9rations mini\u00e8res \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle sans surveillance ni contr\u00f4le rigoureux. <\/p>\n\n

Cette situation est aggrav\u00e9e par la r\u00e9cente r\u00e9glementation promulgu\u00e9e en 2022, L.I.2462, intitul\u00e9e Environmental Protection (Mining in Forest Reserves) Regulations of 2022, qui vient s’ajouter aux forces motrices qui tendent actuellement le syst\u00e8me \u00e9cologique du pays vers son point de basculement ou son seuil. Lesdites r\u00e9glementations, bien que promulgu\u00e9es pour permettre l’exploitation mini\u00e8re dans les r\u00e9serves foresti\u00e8res, vont directement \u00e0 l’encontre des engagements internationaux du Ghana en mati\u00e8re de lutte contre le changement climatique, de protection de la biodiversit\u00e9 et de gestion durable des terres, ce qui repr\u00e9sente une grande menace pour les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et compromet la r\u00e9alisation des objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable, en particulier l’ODD 15, qui porte sur la vie sur terre. <\/p>\n\n

Cons\u00e9quences, r\u00e9ponses et protestations du public<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Le paysage socio-\u00e9conomique des communaut\u00e9s mini\u00e8res s’est profond\u00e9ment modifi\u00e9. Si l’afflux d’investissements de la part de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9trang\u00e8res a permis de cr\u00e9er des emplois et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des revenus, ce sont les acteurs ext\u00e9rieurs qui profitent de mani\u00e8re disproportionn\u00e9e de ces avantages. Les communaut\u00e9s locales, quant \u00e0 elles, sont confront\u00e9es aux cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sastreuses de la d\u00e9gradation de l’environnement, des crises sanitaires et de la perte de ressources vitales. <\/p>\n\n

Dans des r\u00e9gions comme Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai, les activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res ill\u00e9gales ont entra\u00een\u00e9 des niveaux critiques de d\u00e9gradation de l’environnement. Les sources d’eau dont les populations locales d\u00e9pendent depuis des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 contamin\u00e9es par des m\u00e9taux lourds tels que le cyanure, l’arsenic et le mercure. Ces substances toxiques pr\u00e9sentent de graves risques pour la sant\u00e9, en particulier pour les populations vuln\u00e9rables, notamment les femmes enceintes et leurs enfants \u00e0 na\u00eetre, car des \u00e9tudes ont montr\u00e9 que ces toxines peuvent s’accumuler dans le placenta, entra\u00eenant des malformations cong\u00e9nitales. <\/p>\n\n

Ces effets ont donc suscit\u00e9 un toll\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et des protestations organis\u00e9es. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, les organisations de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, les autorit\u00e9s traditionnelles et les citoyens se sont tous associ\u00e9s pour illustrer cette pratique non moins destructrice. Des personnalit\u00e9s \u00e9minentes, comme l’Asantehene, ont d\u00e9stabilis\u00e9 certains chefs qui se livraient \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res ill\u00e9gales, illustrant ainsi les dimensions culturelles et de leadership. Des milliers de manifestants sont descendus dans les rues d’Accra, exigeant une intervention imm\u00e9diate du gouvernement pour mettre fin \u00e0 l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale et \u00e0 ses effets d\u00e9vastateurs sur les terres et les ressources en eau. Par solidarit\u00e9, l’\u00c9glise catholique pr\u00e9voit d’organiser une marche pacifique pour sensibiliser l’opinion et exiger des changements de politique en mati\u00e8re d’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale. Les syndicats du pays se pr\u00e9parent \u00e0 d\u00e9clarer une gr\u00e8ve nationale tout en soulignant que le sentiment d’inqui\u00e9tude concernant l’impact n\u00e9gatif de Galamsey sur l’emploi, la sant\u00e9 et l’environnement s’est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 dans le pays. <\/p>\n\n

Ces actions collectives montrent que les Ghan\u00e9ens sont de plus en plus conscients de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’un d\u00e9veloppement durable et d’une plus grande responsabilit\u00e9 dans le secteur minier, les communaut\u00e9s cherchant \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leurs moyens de subsistance et leurs ressources naturelles.<\/p>\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale au Ghana refl\u00e8te l’histoire de l’utilisation des ressources et des impacts qui l’accompagnent. Alors que pour un certain groupe de personnes, cela a apport\u00e9 un soulagement \u00e9conomique \u00e0 court terme, \u00e0 long terme, les implications pour la communaut\u00e9 locale et l’environnement sont alarmantes. Tandis que d’autres r\u00e9coltent les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ailleurs, la population locale en supporte les co\u00fbts. La question est maintenant de savoir comment r\u00e9tablir l’\u00e9quilibre gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une approche globale qui donne la priorit\u00e9 \u00e0 la durabilit\u00e9, \u00e0 une r\u00e9glementation efficace, \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 et aux moyens de subsistance. Sans l’adoption de mesures appropri\u00e9es, le Ghana risque de sacrifier son patrimoine naturel et le bien-\u00eatre de sa population \u00e0 une insatiable soif d’or. <\/p>\n\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Antwi-Boateng, O. et Akudugu, M. A. (2020). Golden Migrants : The Rise and Impact of Illegal Chinese Small-Scale Mining in Ghana. Politics & Policy<\/em>, 48(1), 135-167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/polp.12342<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

Bekoe, N. K. (2024). The Galamsey Menace : Which administration granted most mining licences ? Consult\u00e9 le 9 octobre 2024, sur https:\/\/ghana.dubawa.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Boafo, J., Paalo, S. et Dotsey, S. (2019). L’exploitation mini\u00e8re chinoise illicite \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle au Ghana : au-del\u00e0 de la faiblesse institutionnelle ? Sustainability<\/em>, 11(21), 5943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11215943<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Crawford, G. et Botchwey, G. (2017). Conflit, collusion et corruption dans l’exploitation mini\u00e8re de l’or \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle : Chinese miners and the state in Ghana. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics<\/em>, 55<\/em>(4), 444-470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14662043.2017.1283479<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

Debrah, E. et Asante, R. (2019). Sino-Ghana bilateral relations and Chinese migrants’ illegal gold mining in Ghana (Relations bilat\u00e9rales sino-ghan\u00e9ennes et exploitation ill\u00e9gale de l’or par les migrants chinois au Ghana). Asian Journal of Political Science<\/em>, 27(3), 286-307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02185377.2019.1669473<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

Hardin, G. (1968). La trag\u00e9die des biens communs. Science, 162, 1243-1248. <\/p>\n\n

Hilson, G., Hilson, A. et Adu-Darko, E. (2014). Chinese participation in Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies<\/em>, 34, 292-303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2014.03.001<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Kumah, R. (2022). Artisanal and small-scale mining formalisation challenges in Ghana : Explaining grassroots perspectives. Resources Policy<\/em>, 79, 102978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102978 Rodney, W. (1972). Comment l’Europe a sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 l’Afrique. Londres : Bogle-1’Ouverture Publications.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction Au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale au Ghana est pass\u00e9e d’une simple strat\u00e9gie de survie pour les marginaux \u00e0 une op\u00e9ration commerciale sophistiqu\u00e9e qui attire des investissements \u00e9trangers consid\u00e9rables. L’article retrace le contexte historique et l’\u00e9volution de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale au Ghana, ses impacts socio-\u00e9conomiques et ses cons\u00e9quences environnementales. 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